Driver responses to green and red vehicular signal countdown displays: Safety and efficiency aspects.

This study investigates the effects of green signal countdown display (GSCD) and red signal countdown display (RSCD) on driver behaviours, and thus on intersection safety and efficiency. Three driver responses to GSCD, including late-stopping ratio, dilemma zone and decision to cross, and three driver responses to RSCD, including early start ratio, start-up delay, and discharge headway are observed and analyzed. Results show that although GSCD can reduce late-stopping ratio, the dilemma zone is increased by about 28 m and the decision to cross will be more inconsistent among the approaching vehicles, creating a potential risk of rear-end crashes. Additionally, following the provision of a green countdown the number of vehicles ejecting to cross the intersection reduces. On the other hand, comparisons among four observation periods examining the effects of RSCD-before-RSCD, 1.5 months after-RSCD, 3.0 months after-RSCD and 4.5 months after-RSCD, show that although RSCD significantly reduces the early start ratios of the leading vehicles in various waiting areas, the ratios soon return to their before-RSCD levels, suggesting that RSCD does not significantly improve intersection safety over the longer term. However, RSCD effectively reduces start-up delay, saturated headway, and cumulative start-up delay at 4.5 months after-RSCD installation. Thus, RSCD enhances intersection efficiency. RSCD is clearly less controversial and more beneficial than GSCD.